Chosen Solution

Star Raiders cartridge in Console in question with both general results I get unidentified substance (maybe adhesive from a note (not quite sure where note was taped))

result 1

result 2

same cartridge in a working console

Pictures of the non working console’s Circuitry 9 total

I have noticed some sort of white crud on this.

Jordan Fryman  its a great console and worthwhile fixing. You do need to remember that you have a device that is almost 40 years old ;-) I suggest that you make the effort and disassemble it completely and clean the board, card reader etc. with some 90% + isopropyl alcohol. Check all the caps. Most of those will most likely have to be replaced. So, clean (yes inside your switches as well as the CART connectors etc. )then recap, and after that re-evaluate. Atari 2600 Teardown